Georgia Milestones Assessment System Biology

1.Which idea is part of cell theory?

2.A teacher in a school greenhouse asks which statement matches the cell-theory idea of a basic unit. Which answer fits?

3.New root cells appear as a tomato seedling grows in a school greenhouse. Which cell-theory idea explains their origin?

4.Which set states ideas of cell theory?

5.Which claim does not agree with cell theory?

6.A salt-marsh bacterium is a single cell, and a longleaf pine has many cells. What does cell theory say about them?

7.A leg muscle cell releases energy from food while a student hikes. Which organelle is the main site of that release?

8.A cordgrass leaf builds sugar while the sun is on a Georgia salt marsh. Which organelle does that work?

9.In a cheek cell, the genetic information is kept inside a membrane-bound compartment. What is that compartment?

10.What is the main job of the cell membrane?

11.A longleaf pine needle cell has chloroplasts. Which other organelle does that living plant cell use to release energy from food?

12.Which comparison of a human muscle cell and a cordgrass leaf cell is correct?

13.Which statement names the role of the nucleus?

14.A marsh bacterium and a cordgrass cell look different, but they share a structure. Which structure is found in both?

15.A bacterium from marsh mud has DNA, and no nucleus surrounds that DNA. Which term fits?

16.A cordgrass cell holds its DNA inside a nucleus and also has mitochondria. Which term fits?

17.Which statement correctly compares a marsh bacterium with a longleaf pine cell?

18.Yeast in a school greenhouse is one cell with a nucleus. Why is it eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic?

19.Which structures do a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell both have?

20.A box turtle in a made-up longleaf pine stand rests in the shade, and its body temperature stays in a workable range through a hot afternoon. What is that internal balance called?

21.Which sentence defines homeostasis?

22.After a student in Savannah drinks a large bottle of water, the body later lets the extra water leave so the blood does not stay overly dilute. What is that balance called?

23.Blood sugar rises after lunch and later returns toward its usual range. Which term names that return to balance?

24.A greenhouse plant closes leaf openings on a dry afternoon and loses less water. What balance is the plant keeping?

25.Which event shows homeostasis in a person?

26.Cordgrass is making sugar in marsh sunlight. Which list names the inputs of that photosynthesis?

27.Cordgrass in bright marsh light is photosynthesizing. Which pair names the outputs?

28.A muscle cell is releasing energy from food. Which list names the inputs of that cellular respiration?

29.Which list names outputs of cellular respiration?

30.Which statement links photosynthesis and cellular respiration by their inputs and outputs?

31.A lighted plant in a school greenhouse takes in carbon dioxide and water, makes glucose, and gives off oxygen. Which process is that?

32.A root cell in the dark uses glucose and oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Which process is that?

33.Which statement describes the nuclei made by mitosis?

34.A human skin cell with 46 chromosomes divides by mitosis. How many chromosomes are in each new nucleus?

35.A greenhouse tomato root grows by adding cells. Each new nucleus keeps the parent cell's chromosome number. Which process adds those cells?

36.Cells that replace the lining of the mouth have the same chromosome number as the parent cell. Which description fits the division?

37.A classmate says mitosis produces four nuclei, each with half the chromosomes. Which reply is accurate?

38.Which process lets a body cell make two nuclei without changing the chromosome number?

39.Which statement describes meiosis?

40.Sex cells have half the chromosome number of body cells. Which process produces sex cells?

41.One sex cell with half the chromosomes joins another sex cell with half. What chromosome number does the resulting cell have?

42.Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in a sex cell made by meiosis, and why?

43.A child has a full chromosome set. Where did that full set come from?

44.Which choice pairs each process with its chromosome outcome?

45.Which molecule stores genetic information in a cordgrass cell?

46.A section of hereditary material carries the information for a trait. That information is stored in DNA. What is the section called?

47.A student says genetic information is stored in the water inside a vacuole. Which correction is right?

48.What do chromosomes in the nucleus contain?

49.An inherited change appears in genetic information and can be passed to offspring. What is that change called?

50.While a cell builds a protein, where does the original genetic information remain stored?

51.A plant's allele pair is Yy, and its seeds are yellow. Which statement is correct?

52.Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). Plant YY and plant Yy both have yellow seeds. What is true?

53.Students record red flowers on a greenhouse plant whose alleles are Rr. The red color is which term?

54.Using Y for yellow and y for green, which set of labels is correct?

55.Two cuttings have the same genotype. One grows in deep shade and stays shorter than one in full sun. Which conclusion fits?

56.In a genetics problem, a plant is written as Yy for seed color. What does Yy represent?

57.Yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). Parents are Yy x Yy. Punnett square: header Y y; row Y is YY Yy; row y is Yy yy. What fraction of the offspring is expected to have green seeds?

58.Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). Parents are YY x yy. Punnett square: header Y Y; row y is Yy Yy; second row y is Yy Yy. What phenotype is expected for every offspring?

59.Red flowers (R) are dominant to white flowers (r). Parents are Rr x rr. Punnett square: header R r; row r is Rr rr; second row r is Rr rr. What fraction of the offspring is expected to have white flowers?

60.Tall (T) is dominant to short (t). Parents are Tt x Tt. Punnett square: header T t; row T is TT Tt; row t is Tt tt. What phenotype ratio of tall to short is expected?

61.Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). Parents are YY x Yy. Punnett square: header Y Y; row Y is YY YY; row y is Yy Yy. Which offspring genotype is heterozygous?

62.Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). Parents are Yy x yy. Punnett square: header Y y; row y is Yy yy; second row y is Yy yy. The Yy offspring have yellow seeds. Which allele is dominant?

63.Green seeds are recessive (y), and yellow seeds are dominant (Y). Parents are yy x yy. Punnett square: header y y; row y is yy yy; second row y is yy yy. What phenotype is expected?

64.Which order names how a cell uses stored genetic information to build a protein?

65.What is the name of the step that makes RNA from the information in DNA?

66.What is the name of the step that builds a protein using the information in RNA?

67.A greenhouse cell makes an enzyme, a protein that speeds a reaction. Which path names where the information for that protein comes from?

68.In a made-up longleaf pine stand, hawks catch more dark lizards on pale sand. Pale lizards leave more offspring, and pale backs become more common over generations. Which process is this?

69.In a made-up Georgia salt marsh, crabs crush thin-shelled periwinkle snails more often. Thicker-shelled snails leave more offspring, and thick shells become more common. What is acting?

70.A storm breaks one branch off a longleaf pine. Seedlings from that tree grow with whole branches. Which statement fits?

71.Which statement about the lizard population on pale sand is correct?

72.Why do thick shells become more common in the made-up marsh snail population?

73.A student says the pale lizards tried to become pale and passed that effort to their young. Which reply matches natural selection?

74.In a made-up school greenhouse, plants with a thicker leaf coating lose less water in a dry week and set more seed. Later generations have more of those plants. What is this?

75.A museum case in Atlanta shows shells preserved in rock from a time when that land was under water. What kind of evidence is the case using?

76.A bat's wing and a person's arm share a similar bone layout from a common ancestor, even though one is used in flight. What are these structures called?

77.An insect wing and a bird wing are both used in flight, but their builds differ. A person's arm and a whale's flipper share a bone pattern. Which pair is homologous?

78.A classroom diagram shows rock layers, with lower layers labeled older. Fossils lower in the diagram differ from fossils higher up. What does the diagram illustrate?

79.Some whales have small hip bones that do not support walking legs. How are those bones used as evidence?

80.The scientific name of the longleaf pine is Pinus palustris. Which part is the genus?

81.Which group is narrower than a kingdom?

82.A mushroom grows on the greenhouse floor. It does not make its own food by photosynthesis. In which kingdom is a mushroom placed?

83.Longleaf pine and slash pine are both in the genus Pinus. Cordgrass is not. Which statement is correct?

84.Plants, animals, and fungi all have nuclei in their cells. Which label fits all three?

85.In a made-up Georgia salt marsh, cordgrass makes its own food and a periwinkle snail eats the cordgrass. What is the role of the cordgrass?

86.In that same made-up marsh, the periwinkle snail eats the cordgrass. What is the snail's role?

87.Bacteria in the marsh break down dead cordgrass and release simpler materials. What is their role?

88.Which arrow shows the direction of energy movement when a periwinkle eats living cordgrass?

89.A class draws one path, cordgrass to snail to fish, and also draws crabs, herons, and decomposers linked in several paths. Which description fits the many linked paths?

90.Algae in a marsh creek make their own food. A snail eats the algae, a fish eats the snail, and a heron eats the fish. What is the heron?

91.In the made-up marsh, cordgrass is the food of the periwinkles. If the cordgrass were gone, what outcome would be most likely for those snails?

92.Heron numbers in a made-up marsh rose for several years and then stayed near 40 while nesting trees stayed scarce. What is that lasting population level called?

93.Which sentence defines carrying capacity?

94.Deer in a made-up longleaf pine stand stop increasing when winter food runs short, and numbers stay near that limit. What is the short food supply acting as?

95.Nesting trees are added along the made-up marsh, and more heron pairs can raise young there. What can happen to carrying capacity?

96.Carbon moves among the air, living things, and soil. What is that movement called?

97.Which process takes carbon dioxide from the air and stores carbon in glucose inside a plant?

98.Which process returns carbon dioxide to the air when cells use glucose and oxygen?

99.Dead cordgrass falls into marsh mud, and decomposers break it down. Which carbon-cycle outcome fits?

100.A longleaf pine stores carbon in its wood as it grows. If that wood later burns, which outcome fits the carbon cycle?

101.During a hike in the Blue Ridge, the heart pumps blood that carries oxygen and nutrients to muscle cells. Which system does that job?

102.A student breathes harder while running, bringing oxygen in and sending carbon dioxide out. Which system is doing that gas exchange?

103.A student eats a peach, and the stomach and intestines break the food into smaller parts the body can absorb. Which system is at work?

104.A student jerks a hand back from a hot railing. Signals travel from the hand to the spinal cord and out to the muscles. Which system carries those signals?

105.Which function matches the circulatory system?

106.Which function matches the respiratory system?

107.The brain is an organ that processes signals. Which system is it part of?

108.Which function matches the digestive system?