Virginia Standards of Learning End-of-Course Chemistry

1.A steel rail on a Newport News bridge grows a reddish-brown coating that is a new substance. Which description fits this change?

2.Ice left on a Richmond windowsill becomes liquid water and nothing else. Which change is that?

3.A jar of water taken near Cape Charles shows gray silt settled under a cloudy layer. What kind of matter is in the jar?

4.Sweet tea poured in a Virginia Beach kitchen looks the same in every sip, and the sugar is no longer visible. Which label fits the tea?

5.A copper downspout on a Charlottesville house is made only of copper atoms. Which term names that metal?

6.Water from a Shenandoah spring has the formula H2O in every molecule. What is that pure water?

7.A block of granite from Natural Bridge has a density that stays the same when the block is cut. Which kind of property is density?

8.Propane kept for a cabin stove near Luray can burn in air and produce new substances. Which property is that ability?

9.A museum card in Blacksburg says an atom has atomic number 6 and is carbon. Which particle count fixes that identity?

10.A model at a Norfolk library shows that nearly all of an atom's volume is the region around a tiny center. Which particles occupy that region?

11.Carbon-12 and carbon-14 in a Chesapeake marsh sample are both carbon. What differs between those two atoms?

12.A sodium atom shown on a Richmond classroom poster has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. What is its mass number?

13.A diagram at the Science Museum of Virginia shows a small dense center inside an atom. Which particles are found in that nucleus?

14.A neutral magnesium atom in dolomite from the Shenandoah Valley has 12 protons. How many electrons does that atom have?

15.Road salt used on an Interstate 81 bridge near Staunton contains sodium ions written Na+. How does that ion compare with a neutral sodium atom?

16.Chlorine on a pool-supply label in Hampton takes part in bonding through its outermost electrons. What are those electrons called?

17.Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 both occur in sea salt from Tangier Island. What must be the same in both atoms?

18.Sodium and potassium sit in the same column and both react readily with water. What does that shared column tell a reader in Lexington?

19.On a periodic table in a Fairfax classroom, lithium, carbon, and neon lie in the same horizontal row. What is that row called?

20.Helium in a balloon sold at a Williamsburg fair does not form compounds in ordinary use. Which statement best explains that low reactivity?

21.A chart in a Roanoke classroom places fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine in the column just before the noble gases. Which family is that?

22.Calcium in the limestone bluffs along the New River is in Group 2. Which family includes calcium?

23.Iron in a Portsmouth shipyard crane sits in the central block of the periodic table. Which description fits iron?

24.A copper wire in an Arlington workshop lets electric current pass along it easily. Which property of the metal does that show?

25.A smith in Abingdon hammers a brass sheet thinner without shattering it. Which property lets the sheet flatten?

26.A yellow sulfur sample in the mineral case at Natural Bridge crumbles when pressed and does not conduct current. Which classification fits sulfur?

27.Silicon wafers made for a chip plant in Manassas conduct current better than sulfur and less well than copper. Which classification fits silicon?

28.In the sodium chloride spread on an icy Winchester sidewalk, sodium ions and chloride ions are held by opposite charges. Which bond is that?

29.In a water molecule from the James River, each hydrogen stays with oxygen by sharing electrons. Which bond is that?

30.Copper atoms in a Roanoke transmission cable share a mobile sea of valence electrons. Which bond does that describe?

31.Oxygen in a water molecule pulls the shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen does. What does that uneven pull make the molecule?

32.Vegetable oil in a Lynchburg pantry has molecules with fairly even electron sharing, and the oil does not mix with water. Which description fits those molecules?

33.Table salt stirred into water in a Fredericksburg kitchen disappears, but the same salt does not disappear into cooking oil. Which statement matches that outcome?

34.After a spill near the Hampton harbor, oil stays in a separate layer instead of mixing into the water. What difference explains the separate layer?

35.A student in Leesburg writes the formula H2O for water. How many atoms of each element are in one molecule?

36.A label on a shipment at a warehouse near Dulles uses the formula CO2. What is the name of that compound?

37.A box of table salt in a Smithfield pantry is marked NaCl. What is the chemical name?

38.Oyster shells along the Chincoteague shore are rich in CaCO3. What is the name of that compound?

39.Most of the air over the Piedmont is nitrogen, written N2. What does that formula show?

40.A fertilizer tag in Rockingham County lists calcium nitrate as Ca(NO3)2. How many oxygen atoms are in one formula unit?

41.In the finished equation 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O, what does the first number 2 mean?

42.A sealed bottle in a Fairfax classroom has the same mass before and after a chemical change inside it. Which law does that result illustrate?

43.A board in Buena Vista shows the finished equation 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O. Which statement about it is correct?

44.A draft on a classroom board in Salem shows H2 + O2 -> H2O. Why is that finished equation not balanced?

45.A cabin near Front Royal burns methane. The finished equation is CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O. What are the products?

46.The reddish coating on the Newport News rail matches the product in the finished equation 4Fe + 3O2 -> 2Fe2O3. What is Fe2O3?

47.Leaves in a Williamsburg garden match this finished equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Which substances are the products?

48.A finished equation on a Petersburg worksheet shows one compound becoming two simpler substances. Which reaction type is that outcome?

49.The finished equation 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO shows two reactants becoming one product. Which reaction type is that?

50.In the finished equation Zn + CuSO4 -> ZnSO4 + Cu, zinc takes copper's place in the compound. Which reaction type is that?

51.In the finished equation AgNO3 + NaCl -> AgCl + NaNO3, the positive ions switch partners. Which reaction type is that?

52.A note from a Harrisonburg class describes a new cloudy solid that formed when two colorless dissolved salts met. What is that solid called?

53.A Staunton kitchen notebook records bubbles of carbon dioxide after baking soda and vinegar met. Carbon dioxide was neither starting substance. What does that outcome show?

54.Apple cider vinegar from a Nelson County bottle turns blue litmus paper red. Which classification fits the vinegar?

55.Soapy water in an Alexandria sink turns red litmus paper blue. Which classification fits the soapy water?

56.Distilled water in a Richmond stockroom is described as neutral. Which pH matches that description?

57.Rain collected near Front Royal has a pH of 4 in one sample and a pH of 6 in another. Which comparison is correct?

58.Phenolphthalein in a Danville stockroom is colorless in acid and pink in base. What does a pink result indicate?

59.A carbonate solution described in a Chesapeake water report resists a large pH swing when a little acid or base is added. What is that kind of solution called?

60.A visitor sheet at a Hopewell plant calls hydrochloric acid a strong acid. What does strong mean here?

61.Acetic acid, the acid in vinegar from a barrel in Crozet, is called a weak acid. What does weak mean here?

62.The finished equation HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O shows an acid meeting a base. What are the products of this neutralization?

63.A class note in Blacksburg says iron atoms in the reddish coating on a Newport News rail lost electrons. Which term names that loss?

64.As iron oxide forms on a Newport News bridge rail, oxygen gains the electrons the iron loses. Which term names that gain?

65.When iron oxide forms on a Newport News bridge rail, oxygen is the substance that gains electrons. What role does oxygen play?

66.Iron loses electrons while oxide forms on a Newport News bridge rail. What role does the iron play?

67.A catalytic converter on a car crossing the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge speeds a change in the exhaust gases and is still present afterward. What is true of a catalyst?

68.A museum card in Martinsville says one half-life has passed for a radioactive mineral sample. What fraction of the original radioactive atoms remain?

69.Photosynthesis in the gardens at Monticello stores energy in glucose. Which energy description fits that change?

70.A wood fire in a cabin near Monterey releases energy to the room while the wood forms new gases and ash. Which description fits that change?

71.A candle in a Colonial Williamsburg shop will not burn until a match supplies a start, even though the burning then releases energy. What is that minimum starting energy called?

72.A closed bottle of a fizzy drink in a Virginia Beach cooler is at chemical equilibrium. What is true of the forward and reverse changes?

73.In the finished equilibrium 2NO2 <=> N2O4, raising the pressure favors the side with fewer gas molecules. Which side is that?

74.Particles in a granite wall at a quarry near Roseland stay in fixed places and only vibrate. Which state of matter is that?

75.Water in the Rappahannock River keeps a definite volume but takes the shape of the riverbed. How do the particles behave?

76.Air pumped into a bicycle tire at a shop in Richmond spreads through the whole tire. Which particle picture fits that gas?

77.A kettle in a Bristol kitchen gives off water vapor, and the vapor is still H2O. Which change is that?

78.Solid carbon dioxide packed with seafood on Tangier Island becomes a gas without first becoming a liquid. What is that state change called?

79.Frost forms on a window in Winchester when water vapor becomes ice without appearing as liquid water first. Which state change is that?

80.Droplets form on the outside of a glass of ice water at a café in Lexington when water vapor in the air becomes liquid. What is that change?

81.Air inside a sealed ball at a Norfolk gym pushes on the inner wall. What causes that gas pressure?

82.A diagram in a Virginia Beach clinic shows trapped air squeezed to half its volume, with no air escaping. What does the smaller volume do to the pressure?

83.Between collisions, oxygen particles in the air over the Blue Ridge travel in straight lines. Which statement matches that gas picture?

84.A cook in Emporia stirs sugar into tea until the sugar is no longer visible. In that solution, which substance is the solute?

85.A periodic table in a Bristol classroom shows atoms generally growing smaller from lithium across the row to neon. Which trend is that?

86.A jar of tea in Emporia still has sugar sitting on the bottom, and no more of that sugar dissolves. What kind of solution is the liquid above the solid?

87.A glass of tea in South Boston dissolves another spoonful of sugar, and none of it remains on the bottom. What was the solution before that spoonful?

88.A trail guide in Grayson Highlands says salt dissolves in water, while sand from the path does not. Which property is being compared?

89.Steel for the Newport News rail is iron mixed evenly with carbon and small amounts of other elements. What is that metal mixture called?

90.A poster in a Waynesboro classroom says one mole of any substance contains about 6.02 x 10^23 particles. What is that count called?

91.Using atomic masses of about 1 for hydrogen and 16 for oxygen, what is the molar mass of water, H2O?

92.The atomic mass unit on a classroom periodic table in Culpeper is defined from one kind of atom. Which atom is that standard?

93.In water, oxygen accounts for 16 of the about 18 mass units in H2O. Which statement about that composition is correct?

94.Glucose from grapes grown near Middleburg has the molecular formula C6H12O6. What is the empirical formula?

95.A bottle of glucose from grapes grown near Middleburg is labeled C6H12O6 rather than CH2O. What does the molecular formula show that the empirical formula does not?

96.Every sample of pure water from the New River and from a Richmond tap has hydrogen and oxygen in the same mass ratio. Which law does that illustrate?

97.Carbon monoxide is CO and carbon dioxide is CO2. The masses of oxygen that combine with the same mass of carbon stand in a small whole-number ratio. Which law is that?

98.Dalton pictured every atom of an element as identical in mass. Which later finding about chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 shows that picture was incomplete?

99.A panel in Richmond describes the gold-foil experiment: most of the positive particles passed straight through, and a few bounced back. What did that outcome show?

100.A model in a Harrisonburg textbook places the electron of a hydrogen atom in allowed energy levels around the nucleus. Which idea does that model use?

101.Oxygen in the air over Arlington has atomic number 8. Which electron configuration matches a neutral oxygen atom?

102.A diagram in a Radford classroom shows one orbital holding a pair of electrons with opposite spins. What is the most electrons one orbital can hold?

103.A diagram in Radford shows two electrons sharing one orbital. Why must those electrons have opposite spins?

104.Nitrogen's three 2p electrons occupy three separate 2p orbitals before any of those orbitals receives a second electron. Which rule is that?

105.A student in Farmville draws a Lewis diagram for a neutral oxygen atom. How many valence dots should appear?

106.In a drawing of a water molecule, oxygen is surrounded by eight electrons once the shared pairs are counted. What does that completed picture illustrate?

107.Water drops bead on a waxed leaf beside the Dragon Run. A hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen of a neighboring water molecule. What is that attraction called?

108.Quartz in Blue Ridge sand is SiO2, with silicon and oxygen linked by covalent bonds through a continuous solid. Which description fits that quartz?